Weeks after the derailment of a 150-car train that was transporting 20 cars of vinyl chloride through East Palestine, Ohio, some have voiced concern over how the aftermath will affect farms, livestock, and water. Of the 38 train cars that derailed during the February 3 accident, 11 were carrying the hazardous substance, according to the National Transportation Safety Board.

According to the Ohio Department of Health, vinyl chloride is broken down by sunlight within a few days and transformed into other chemicals, such as formaldehyde. Most vinyl chloride spilled into soil or surface water evaporates in the air quickly; however, some of the chemical can travel into groundwater, where it will be broken down over time. State officials have gone on record saying that the water from the municipal system, which is collected from five deep wells covered by solid steel casing, is safe to drink, Ohio’s Environmental Protection Agency has encouraged residents who pull water from private wells to get their water tested. If livestock or irrigation water is sourced from wells, it should also be tested.

Ohio is home to approximately 75,000 farms, 1,470,000 cattle, 2,000,000 hogs, and 115,000 sheep, and some livestock farmers are concerned about the spill; however, state agencies maintain that there is no reason for alarm after the train derailment. “To this date, there is nothing we’ve seen in the livestock community that causes any concerns,” Brian Baldridge, a member of Ohio’s House of Representatives, said in a February 14 press conference.

The state’s agricultural agency has also noted that farm animals face little risk from the toxic chemicals; however, this isn’t true for affected aquatic life. As of February 22, nearly 3,000 aquatic species in nearby waters have died.

Dana Barr, PhD, a professor of environmental health at Emory University’s Rollins School of Public Health in Atlanta, says it’s probably too soon to say that there is no danger to livestock and water. “They have tried to control the spill to keep it from getting into the soil and groundwater, but that happens over time,” she tells Food Quality & Safety. “I think only time and long-term follow up will be able to say if danger exists or not. Given the large amount of chemical spilled and the plumes of smoke from controlled burning, I would be very surprised if there was not an ecological impact in the near long term.”

Dr. Barr believes that officials need to develop and implement a plan for long-term testing and establish a disease registry. “Very often, in disasters such as this, real impacts are not observed for a long time,” she adds. “This derailment involved a large volume of highly toxic chemicals that are carcinogens and teratogens. They could potentially get into the soil and water and ultimately, in plants and wildlife. People who consume the water, plants, or wildlife might have upstream exposures too.”

Ohio governor Mike DeWine has been working closely with the Ohio Department of Agriculture, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the Ohio Farm Bureau, and the Columbiana County Farm Bureau to resolve any concerns.

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Fast food isn’t exactly known for its health benefits, but a new U.S. study suggests even the packaging may be harmful.

The study found one-third of fast food packaging contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that give it stain-resistant, water-repellant, and nonstick properties. But these fluorinated chemicals have also been linked to an increased risk of certain cancers, hormone problems, high cholesterol, obesity, and immune suppression in human and animal studies.

“Our study is the most comprehensive assessment of how common fluorinated chemicals are in fast food wrappers in the U.S., and which types of wrappers are most likely to contain them,” said lead study author Laurel Schaider of the Silent Spring Institute, Newton, Mass.

“We found that nearly half of paper wrappers, for instance wrappers for sandwiches and burgers and flat bags for cookies and pastries, contained fluorinated chemicals, and that around 20 percent of paperboard packaging, for instance boxes for French fries and fried foods, contained fluorinated chemicals,” Schaider added by email.

PFASs aren’t found naturally in the environment. These man-made chemicals have been used for decades in products ranging from food wrappers to clothing, nonstick cookware, and fire-fighting foams. People may be exposed to PFASs from direct contact with these products, through the air they breathe, the food they eat, and the water they drink.

For the study, Schaider and colleagues tested for PFASs in more than 400 samples of paper wrappers, paperboard, and drink containers from 27 fast food chains across the U.S.

More than half of the tests were done on food contact paper, including 138 wrappers for sandwiches or burgers, 68 wrappers for dessert or bread, and 42 wrappers for Tex-Mex foods.

Overall, 46 percent of paper wrappers tested positive for PFASs. This included 38 percent of sandwich and burger wrappers, 56 percent of bread or dessert wrappers and 57 percent of wrappers for Tex-Mex food, researchers report online February 1 in Environmental Science and Technology Letters.

Tests of 30 samples from paper cups didn’t turn up any of these chemicals. But in tests of 25 other beverage containers, 16 percent did have PFASs.

Researchers also did more extensive testing on a subset of 20 samples to see what types of PFASs were in the food packaging. Six of these samples contained a type of PFASs called PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid, or C8) that many U.S. manufacturers voluntarily stopped using in 2011 due to concerns about the potential health risks.

One limitation of the study is that researchers were unable to assess how often people came into contact with these chemicals in food packaging, the authors note.

Still, the results show that even chemicals being phased out due to health concerns are still widely used, said Dr. Leonardo Trasande, an environmental medicine researcher at New York University School of Medicine who wasn’t involved in the study.

“This study reinforces the reality that these chemicals are highly persistent in the environment, and may find their ways into people’s bodies for years after they are no longer intentionally added,” Trasande said by email.

“This study adds to concerns about chemicals that contaminate highly processed or packaged foods, potentially magnifying health effects above and beyond the effects that may result from their high-fat or high-sugar content,” Trasande added.

Avoiding fast food is one way to limit exposure.

Serving food in wax paper instead of grease-resistant wrappers typically used in food packaging might also reduce contact with the chemicals, Trasande said.

Diners can also limit exposure by avoiding oily food, high-temperature food, and taking food out of wrappers right away so it has less contact time with any chemicals, said Xindi Hu, an environmental health researcher at Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston who wasn’t involved in the study.

Whenever possible, customers should avoid disposable packaging, Hu added by email.

“If they are dining in, then it is not necessary to use paper plates,” Hu said. “Some restaurants do not provide regular dishes for logistical reasons, but from the perspective of reducing exposure to chemicals in food packaging, it is actually encouraged that restaurants use more regular dishes.”

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